Dr. Nor Akalili Binti Ahmad
Post-Doc Fellow, CIPR
Educational Qualification
- PhD. in Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia, 2021
Research Interests
- Advanced Membrane Technology
- Thin Film Nanocomposite Membrane
- Water Separation
Selected Publications
- Nor Akalili Ahmad, Pei Sean Goh, Lukka Thuyavan Yogarathinam, Abdul Karim Zulhairun, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, ail, Current advances in membrane technologies for produced water desalination, Desalination, 493, 2020, 114643, 0011-9164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2020.114643.
- Nor Akalili Ahmad, Pei Sean Goh, Kar Chun Wong, Abdul Karim Zulhairun, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Enhancing desalination performance of thin film composite membrane through layer by layer assembly of oppositely charged titania nanosheet, Desalination,476, 2020, 114167, 0011-9164,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2019.114167.
- Nor Akalili Ahmad, Pei Sean Goh, Kar Chun Wong, Stanley Chinedu Mamah, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Abdul Karim Zulhairun, Accelerated spraying-assisted layer by layer assembly of polyethyleneimine/titania nanosheet on thin film composite membrane for reverse osmosis desalination, Desalination, 529, 2022, 115645, 0011-9164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2022.115645
Awards & Honors
- Best Postgraduate Student Award, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 65th Convocation, 2022.
- Olympiad Nanotechnology Malaysia 2021 Award, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia.
Alexandra Scerbacova
Post-Doc Fellow, CIPR
Educational Qualification
- B.S. in Chemical Engineering, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (Moscow, Russia), 2016
- M.S. in Chemical Engineering, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (Moscow, Russia), 2018
- Ph.D. in Petroleum Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Moscow, Russia) jointly with Curtin University (Perth, Australia), 2023
Research Interests
- Enhanced oil recovery
- Microfluidics
- Huff-n-Puff
Selected Publications
- Scerbacova A. et al. Rock–Fluid Interactions of Alkyl Ether Carboxylate Surfactants with Carbonates: Wettability Alteration, ζ-Potential, and Adsorption //Energy & Fuels. – 2023. – Т. 37. – №. 5. – С. 3723-3740.
- Scerbacova A. et al. Application of alkalis, polyelectrolytes, and nanoparticles for reducing adsorption loss of novel anionic surfactant in carbonate rocks at high salinity and temperature conditions //Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. – 2022. – Т. 653. – С. 129996.
- Scerbacova A. et al. Water-and surfactant-based huff-n-puff injection into unconventional liquid hydrocarbon reservoirs: Experimental and modeling study //Energy & Fuels. – 2023. – Т. 37. – №. 15. – С. 11067-11082.
Awards & Honors
- Winner of SPE regional student paper contest (Russia and Caspian region) in PhD division, 2020 and 2022
- Schlumberger Scholarship Award For the Academic Year 2016/2017
Dr. Masooma Nazar
Post-Doc Researcher, CIPR
Educational Qualification
- PhD, Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, (Seri Iskandar) Malaysia, 2023
- S. Environmental Sciences, Government College University, (Lahore), Pakistan, 2016
- B.S. Environmental Sciences, University of Gujrat, (Gujrat), Pakistan, 2014
Research Interests
- Enhanced oil recovery
- Surfactant synthesis
- Ionic Liquids
- Toxicity and Biodegradability of Surfactants
Selected Publications
- A Masooma Nazar, M.U. Shah, A. Ahmad, M. Goto, W. Z. N Yahya, M. Moniruzzaman. “Aggregation, toxicity, and biodegradability study of an ionic liquid-based formulation for effective oil spill remediation”. Chemosphere (2023) 344, 140412.
- S. Wang, A. Ahmad, Masooma Nazar, A. U. Rahmah, M. Moniruzzaman. “Biocompatible and Biodegradable Surfactants from Orange Peel for Oil Spill Remediation”. Molecules (2023) 28(15), 5794.
- Masooma Nazar, M. U. Shah, A. Ahmad, W. Z. N. Yahya, M. Goto, M. Moniruzzaman. “Ionic Liquid and Tween-80 Mixture as an Effective Dispersant for Oil Spills: Toxicity, Biodegradability, and Optimization”. ACS omega (2022) 7, 18, 15751–15759.
- Masooma Nazar, M. U. Shah, W. Z. N. Yahya, M. Goto, M. Moniruzzaman. “Surface active ionic liquid and Tween-80 blend as an effective dispersant for crude oil spill remediation”. Environmental Technology & Innovation 24 (2021) 101868.
- Masooma Nazar, A.Yasar, S.A. Raza, A. Ahmad, R. Rasheed, M. Shahbaz, A. B. Tabinda. Techno-economic and environmental assessment of rice husk in comparison to coal and furnace oil as a boiler fuel. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery (2021).
- Yasar, S. Rana, M. Moniruzzaman, Masooma Nazar, A. B. Tabinda, R. Rasheed, A. Ahmad, A. Mukhtar, Muhammad. A.Q, Sami. U. “Quality and environmental impacts of oil production through pyrolysis of waste tyres”. Environmental Technology & Innovation 23 (2021) 101565.
- Yasar, S. Anjum. A. B. Tabinda, Sidra, M. Adeel, M. Afifa, M. Masooma Nazar. “Re-using the steel and bleach waste in advance oxidation processes (AOPs) for dye-bath effluent treatment”. Desalination and Water Treatment 150 (2019) 331-338.
- Yasar, S. A. Shabbir, A. B. Tabinda, Masooma Nazar, Rasheed. R, Afifa, M. Sidra, M. “Refuse-derived fuels as a renewable energy source in comparison to coal, rice husk, and sugarcane bagasse”. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects (2018) 1556-7230.
- Yasar, Nazir. S, Tabinda. A. B, Masooma Nazar, Rasheed. R, Muhammad. A. “Socio-Economic, Health and Agricultural Benefits of Rural Household Biogas Plants in Energy Scarce Developing Countries: A Case Study from Pakistan”. Renewable Energy 108 (2017) 19-25.
- Yasar, Nazir. S, Rasheed. R, Tabinda. A. B, Masooma Nazar. “Economic Review of Different Designs of Biogas Plants at Household Level in Pakistan.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 74 (2017) 221-229.
Awards & Honors
- PhD schlorship award from Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
Dr. Ahmed Fatah
Post-Doc Researcher, CIPR
Dr. Ahmed Fatah joined the Center for Integrative Petroleum Research (CIPR) in June 2023 as a Postdoctoral Researcher, the College of Petroleum Engineering and Geoscience, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia. His research interest focuses on carbon dioxide & hydrogen geological storage, and chemical EOR, in which he authored multiple technical and review papers. He holds a Ph.D. degree from Curtin University, a MSc and BSc degrees from University Technology PETRONAS, all in Petroleum Engineering. During his doctoral research, Dr. Fatah investigated the possibility of CO2 storage in shale formations, and he gained wide expertise in geo-energy storage applications, in terms of rock/gas interactions, contact angle evaluation, and geochemical modelling. Currently, he is involved in many collaborative research studies with Curtin University (Australia & Malaysia) and Saudi Aramco.
Google Scholar:
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ytner1wAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra
Research Gate:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ahmed-Fatah
Educational Qualification
- Ph.D., Energy, Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Curtin University, Australia, 2022.
- M.S., Petroleum Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Malaysia, 2015.
- B.S., Petroleum Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Malaysia, 2013
Research Interests
- Geo-Energy Underground Gas storage (H2 and CO2).
- Chemical Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery.
- Wettability and Contact Angle Measurements.
- X-ray micro-computed tomography.
Selected Publications
- Fatah, A.; Bennour, Z.; Ben Mahmud, H.; Gholami, R.; Hossain, M.M. A Review on the Influence of CO2/Shale Interaction on Shale Properties: Implications of CCS in Shales. Energies 2020, 13, 3200.
- Fatah, A.; Ben Mahmud, H.; Bennour, Z.; Gholami, R.; Hossain, M.M. Effect of Supercritical CO2 Treatment on Physical Properties and Functional Groups of Shales. FUEL 2021, 303, 121310
- Al-Yaseri, A.; Amao, A.; Fatah, A. Experimental investigation of shale/hydrogen geochemical interactions. FUEL 2023, 346, 128272.
- Fatah, A.; Bennour, Z.; Ben Mahmud, H.; Gholami, R.; Hossain, M.M. Surface Wettability Alteration of Shales Exposed to CO2: Implication for Long-term Integrity of Geological Storage Sites. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 2021, 110, 103426. IF: 4.400.
- Fatah, A.; Ben Mahmud, H.; Bennour, Z.; Gholami, R.; Hossain, M.M. Geochemical modelling of CO2 interactions with shale: Kinetics of mineral dissolution and precipitation on geological time scales. Chemical Geology 2022, 592, 120742
Awards & Honors
- PETRONAS full scholarship award fro B.S. and M.S. studies 2009 to 2015.
- Curtin High Degree Research (HDR) scholarship for Ph.D. 2019 to 2022.
Dr. Amro Othman
Researcher, CIPR
Amro Othman has a Ph.D. in the Petroleum Engineering Department at King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM). Since he joined KFUPM in 2019 he worked in different research area which includes hydraulic fracturing treatments and water shut-off remediation. He has expertise in formulating fresh and saline water fracturing fluids as well as their performance with proppants.
He has experience with emulsions and their applications in water shut-off. He also uses artificial intelligence and its applications in petroleum engineering.
Educational Qualification
- Ph.D., Petroleum Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia, 2023
- M.S., Petroleum Engineering, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, 2018
- B.S., Petroleum Engineering, University of Khartoum, Sudan, 2012
Research Interests
- Hydraulic Fracturing treatments.
- Water shut-off conformance control.
Selected Publications
- Othman, A., Aljawad, M. S., Mahmoud, M., Kamal, M. S., Patil, S., & Bataweel, M. (2021). Chelating agents usage in optimization of fracturing fluid rheology prepared from seawater. Polymers, 13(13), 2111.
- Othman, A., AlSulaimani, M., Aljawad, M. S., Sangaru, S. S., Kamal, M. S., & Mahmoud, M. (2022). The synergetic impact of anionic, cationic, and neutral polymers on VES rheology at high-temperature environment. Polymers, 14(6), 1145.
- Othman, A. A., & Amao, A. M. (2019, March). Hydraulic Fracturing Treatments in the Permian Basin: Distillation of Best Practices in the Spraberry and Wolfcamp Formations. In SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference(p. D032S076R001). SPE.
- Othman, A., Aljawad, M. S., Kamal, M. S., Mahmoud, M., Patil, S., & Alkhowaildi, M. (2022). Rheological Study of Seawater-Based Fracturing Fluid Containing Polymer, Crosslinker, and Chelating Agent. ACS omega, 7(35), 31318-31326.
- Othman, A., Murtaza, M., Aljawad, M. S., Kamal, M. S., Mahmoud, M., & Kalgaonkar, R. A. (2022). Effect of Seawater Ions on Polymer Hydration in the Presence of a Chelating Agent: Application to Hydraulic Fracturing. ACS omega, 8(1), 969-975.
- Othman, A., Glatz, G., Aljawad, M. S., Alafnan, S., Alarifi, S. A., & Al Ramadan, M. (2022). Review of Kerogen’s Geomechanical Properties: Experiments and Molecular Simulation. ACS omega, 7(37), 32829-32839.
- Othman, A., Tariq, Z., Aljawad, M. S., Yan, B., & Kamal, M. S. (2023). Enhancing Fracturing Fluid Viscosity in High Salinity Water: A Data-Driven Approach for Prediction and Optimization. Energy & Fuels, 37(17), 13065-13079.
Sarmad Zafar Khan
Engineer I, CIPR
In 2009 Khan obtained his BS (Hons.) in Petroleum Engineering followed by an MS degree in the same discipline from KFUPM, KSA in 2013. He has been positioned as a Lab Engineer at CPG, KFUPM since 2016 after employment as a Reservoir Engineer at Schlumberger (2013-15), Research Assistant at KFUPM (2010-13), and an Intern – BHP Billiton Pakistan (2008).
Educational Qualification
- M.S., Petroleum Engineering, KFUPM, KSA, 2013
- B.S., Petroleum Engineering (Hons.), University of Engineering & Technology, Pakistan, 2009.
Selected Publications
- “Revisiting Reaction Kinetics and wormholing phenomena during Carbonate Acidizing” by X. Qiu, S. Khan, S. Dyer and A. Sultan, presented at International Petroleum Technology Conference, 19-22 Jan, 2014, Doha, Qatar.
- “Investigation of Core Length and CO2 Phase Effects on Propagation of Wormholes in Carbonate Rocks” by S. Khan, A. Sultan and S. Dyer presented at SPE Annual Technical Symposium and Exhibition, 21-24 Apr, 2014, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
- Keynote Speaker at “Career Development Seminar” held at Petroleum Engineering Department, University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, Pakistan on Sep 24, 2014
Sarmad Zafar Khan
Engineer I, Engineer I, CIPR, CIPR
In 2009 Khan obtained his BS (Hons.) in Petroleum Engineering followed by an MS degree in the same discipline from KFUPM, KSA in 2013. He has been positioned as a Lab Engineer at CPG, KFUPM since 2016 after employment as a Reservoir Engineer at Schlumberger (2013-15), Research Assistant at KFUPM (2010-13), and an Intern – BHP Billiton Pakistan (2008).
Educational Qualification
- M.S., Petroleum Engineering, KFUPM, KSA, 2013
- B.S., Petroleum Engineering (Hons.), University of Engineering & Technology, Pakistan, 2009.
Selected Publications
- “Revisiting Reaction Kinetics and wormholing phenomena during Carbonate Acidizing” by X. Qiu, S. Khan, S. Dyer and A. Sultan, presented at International Petroleum Technology Conference, 19-22 Jan, 2014, Doha, Qatar.
- “Investigation of Core Length and CO2 Phase Effects on Propagation of Wormholes in Carbonate Rocks” by S. Khan, A. Sultan and S. Dyer presented at SPE Annual Technical Symposium and Exhibition, 21-24 Apr, 2014, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
- Keynote Speaker at “Career Development Seminar” held at Petroleum Engineering Department, University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, Pakistan on Sep 24, 2014
Dr. Ngouangna Eugene Ngwana
Post-Doc Researcher, CIPR
Dr. Ngouangna Eugene Ngwana is a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Center for Integrative Petroleum Research (CIPR). His previous research focused on chemical EOR using nanoparticles, chemical treatments for improving sand agglomeration as a proactive method to minimize sand generation during oil production, CO₂ storage through surfactant-based foam systems, and mitigation of CO₂ leakage pathways using advanced polymeric gels. He is actively involved in developing surfactant–nanoparticle formulations to accelerate CO₂ mineralization for permanent geological carbon storage. Dr. Ngwana is a registered Professional Technologist (Ts.) in Oil and Gas Technology with the Malaysian Board of Technologists (MBOT) since 2024 and a member of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), UK, since 2024.
Educational Qualification
- Ph.D., in Petroleum Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 2024.
- M.Eng., Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 2018.
- Bachelor of Technology, Gulf Field Higher Institute of Petroleum Cameroon, 2017.
Research Interests
- Geological CO₂ Storage and CO₂ Mineralization
- Foam-Assisted CO₂ Storage and Mobility Control
- Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR)
- Nanotechnology for Energy and Environmental Applications
- Surfactant–Nanoparticle Formulations
- Conformance Control and CO₂ Leakage Mitigation
- Sand Control and Formation Damage Prevention
- Petrophysics and Multiphase Flow in Porous Media
- Experimental Reservoir Engineering and Core Analysis
- Sustainable Energy and Carbon Management Technologies
Selected Publications
- Funsho Afolabi 1,*, Zulhelmi Amir 1,* , Ahmed Halilu 1,* , MuhamadFazly Abdul Patah 1, Eugene N. Ngouangna et al., Molecular Dynamics Simulation: Tendency for CO2 Adsorption in Amphiphilic Cellulose-Derived Interpenetrating Network Gels; Gels 2026, 12, 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12060537
- Grant Charles Mwakipunda, Nasiru Salahu Muhammed, Afeez Gbadamosi, Eugene N. Ngouangna, et al., Carbon dioxide (CO2) storage in geological formations: Overview of mechanisms, storage media, leakage risk, and monitoring techniques,Petroleum Research,2026,
- Eugene N. Ngouangna, Iskandar B. Dzulkarnain, Mohd Zaidi Jaafar, M.N.A.M Norddin, Jeffrey O. Oseh, Wan Rosli Wan Sulaiman, Gbadamosi Afeez, Bamidele Victor Ayodele, Okorie E Agwu, Stanley C. Mamah, Peter Ikechukwu Nwaichi, Ellora Priscille N. Ntone, Augustine Agi “The Effects of Brine on CCUS-EOR and Challenges Faced during CO2 Projects: A Review Involving Storage Mechanisms with Future Prospects” ACS OMEGA DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.5c07153
- Eugene N. Ngouangna, I.r B. Dzulkarnain, M. Z.Jaafar, M. N. A. M. Norddin, J.O. Oseh, F. A. Afolabi, F.Yakasai, A. O. Gbadamosi, M.N. Yahya, B. V. Ayodele, S. C. Mamah, E.P. N. Ntone & A. Agi. “Nanoparticle-Stabilized CO2 Foam in Porous Media for EOR and CCUS: A State-of-the-Art Review involving Mechanisms, Challenges, Influencing Parameters, and Research Opportunities” Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2025 1007/s13369-025-10512-3
- N. Ngouangna, I. B. Dzulkarnain, M. Z. Jaafar, J. O. Oseh, F. A. Afolabi, F.Yakasai, A. O. Gbadamosi, P. I. Nwaichi, A. Ag “Nanoparticles Transport in Porous Media During EOR Operations: A Wide-Ranging Review of Mechanisms, Mathematical Models, Influencing Parameters, Challenges, and Prospects” Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2025 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-025-10050-y
Extended Publications (+)
- O. Oseh, M.N.A.M. Norddin, I. Ismail, E.N. Ngouangna, “Improvement in the transport capacity of drilled particles of aqueous-based drilling fluid using surface-enriched hydroxyapatite nanoparticles”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 2024
- Sufian, M. A. Sidek, M. Z. Jaafar, P. I. Nwaichi, N. Ridzuan, S. Qurratu’ A. Mahat, N. Ngouangna,, “Enhancing Carbonate Reservoir Permeability Using a Novel Porosity Model Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2024
- N. Ngouangna, M.Z. Jaafar, M. Norddin, A. Agi, F. Yakasai, J.O. Oseh, “Effect of salinity on hydroxyapatite nanoparticles flooding in enhanced oil recovery: a mechanistic study”, ACS omega 8 (20), 17819-17833, 2023.
- N. Ngouangna, M.Z. Jaafar, M. Norddin, A. Agi, A.R. Risal, S.C. Mamah, ” The effect of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on wettability and brine-oil interfacial tension as enhance oil recovery mechanisms,” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 218, 110941, 2022
- E.N. Ngouangna, M.Z. Jaafar, M.N.A.M. Norddin, A. Agi, J.O. Oseh, S. Mamah, “Surface modification of nanoparticles to improve oil recovery Mechanisms: A critical review of the methods, influencing Parameters, advances and prospects”, Journal of Molecular Liquids 360, 119502, 2022.
Awards & Honors
- Best Postgraduate Student Award during the 68th Convocation ceremony of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 2024.
Dr. Wafa Maftuhin
Post-Doc Researcher, CIPR
Dr. Wafa Maftuhin earned his PhD in Physics from the University of Freiburg, Germany, in 2023. He then joined the University of California, Riverside as a postdoctoral researcher, working on large-scale molecular simulations and method development in DFTB. His research lies at the intersection of physics, chemistry, and computation, with a focus on electronic structure theory and functional materials.
Educational Qualification
- Ph.D., Physics, University of Freiburg, Germany, 2023
- M.S., Physics, National Central University, Taiwan, 2017
- B.S., Physics, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia, 2015
Research Interests
- Electronic Structure Theory
- Molecular Dynamics and Computational Modeling
- Mechanochemistry
- Asphaltenes and Complex Molecular Systems
Selected Publications
- Raisch, M., Maftuhin, W., Walter, M., & Sommer, M. (2021). A mechanochromic donor–acceptor torsional spring. Nature Communications, 12, 4243.
- Hertel, R., Maftuhin, W., Walter, M., & Sommer, M. (2022). Conformer ring flip enhances mechanochromic performance of ansa-donor–acceptor–donor torsional springs. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 144(48), 21897–21907.
- Khodayeki, S., Maftuhin, W., & Walter, M. (2022). Force dependent barriers from analytic potentials within elastic environments. ChemPhysChem, 23, e2022002.
- Lai, S. K., & Maftuhin, W. (2019). An efficient optimization algorithm that hybridizes DFTB and DFT theories within a modified basin hopping method. Computer Physics Communications, 236, 164–175.
- Bhat, P., Maftuhin, W., & Walter, M. (2026). Ab initio force prediction for single molecule force spectroscopy made simple. RSC Mechanochemistry, 3, 301–308
Ridha Al-Abdrabalnabi
Engineer I, CIPR
Ridha joined center of integrative petroleum research (CIPR) as a petroleum engineer in 2016. His experience in CIPR revolves around special core analysis labs. An active member in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and acidizing groups. In addition, he’s taking role of mentoring graduate students to perform their core-flooding experiments.
Educational Qualification
- M.S., Petroleum Engineering, KFUPM, KSA 2023
- B.S., Petroleum Engineering, KFUPM, KSA 2015
Research Interests
- Special core analysis
- Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
- Acidizing
- Acid fracturing
Selected Publications
- Xinrui Zhao, Ridha Al-Abdrabalnabi, Yu-Shu Wu, Xianmin Zhou, Evaluations of the feasibility of oil storage in depleted petroleum reservoirs through experimental modelling studies, Fuel, Volume 294, 2021, 120316, ISSN 0016-2361, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120316
- Zhou, Xianmin , Al-Abdrabalnabi, Ridha , Khan, Sarmad Zafar, and Muhammad Shahzad Kamal. “Interrelationship of Capillary Number, Interfacial Tension, Injection Flow Rate and Temperature by Surfactant Flooding for Oil-wet Carbonate Reservoirs.” Paper presented at the SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition, Virtual, October 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/205749-MS
- Zeeshan Tariq, Amjed Hassan, Ridha Al-Abdrabalnabi, Murtada Saleh Aljawad, and Mohamed Mahmoud. Comparative Study of Fracture Conductivity in Various Carbonate Rocks Treated with GLDA Chelating Agent and HCl Acid. Energy & Fuels 2021 35 (23), 19641-19654. DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c03471